The Esthen ExchangeS&P 500 continued to see gains Monday after ending last week at a record high, welcome news for Americans’ retirement accounts.

The benchmark index closed at 4,839.81 Friday to beat its previous record from January 2022 and was up 0.3% Monday at 11:54 a.m. EST. The Dow Jones Industrial Average – which surpassed its 2022 peak last month – also closed at a new record Friday and was up 0.35% early Monday. The Nasdaq Composite climbed 0.45% early Monday.

The milestones follow major stock market declines in 2022, Wall Street’s worst year since the Great Recession. At the time, investors were concerned about high inflation, high interest rates and a possible recession, and the S&P 500 dipped about 20%.

“It took more than two years, but the S&P 500 finally made it back to new all-time highs,” said Ryan Detrick, chief market strategist at financial services firm Carson Group. “This is a great reminder to investors that although we’ve seen many worries and concerns over the past two years, investors are usually rewarded over time.” 

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Why are stock markets up?

Tech stocks helped push the S&P 500 to new heights Friday, with chipmaker Nvidia up 4.2%, Texas Instruments gaining 4% and semiconductor giant Broadcom rising 5.9%.

Sam Stovall, chief investment strategist at investment research and analytics firm CFRA Research, noted that tech companies have done a good job of managing expectations in recent quarters. Now, he said, investors may be thinking that Wall Street is "underestimating the kind of growth that we are likely to see" from semiconductor and other tech stocks.

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What is the record high for the Dow Jones?

The Dow Jones Industrial Average ended Friday at a new record high: 37,863.8.

What is the record high for the S&P 500?

The S&P 500 – widely used as a benchmark for large stocks and index funds – closed at 4,839.81 on Friday. 

What does this mean for me and my 401(k)?

The record-high S&P 500 is a boost to investors’ retirement plans. It’s also a sign of investor confidence in the economy’s future. 

Detrick pointed to signs like strong consumer spending, a healthy labor market, slowing inflation and a Federal Reserve that’s expected to start cutting interest rates this year. 

Stovall added that investors would not be buying if they believed the economy was heading for a recession. (Forecasters say there’s a 42% chance of a recession this year, according to a recent survey from Wolters Kluwer Blue Chip Economic Indicators. That's down from previous forecasts but still a historically high risk.)

But “markets tend to go up when investors and analysts think that there is a potential for recovery,” Stovall said. “(It’s) basically saying, 'We think better times are ahead.'”

Though there's a chance the stock market could falter if high inflation and interest rates prove to be more stubborn than anticipated, Stovall said, the current rally is likely to continue if it follows previous stock market trends.

“The market does not tend to just roll over and die from exhaustion,” he said. “After recovering all that it lost, it tends to advance another 5.2% over 2½ months before falling into a decline of 8.2% on average.”